While TPMS is common on today’s vehicles, misinformation is still rampant as consumers and techs try to understand these systems. One of the TPMS misconceptions involves sensor signals.
A sensor is a transmitter of information that sends pressure and temperature data to the vehicle. Some signals also include information that identifies the sensor and the health of the battery.
A sensor is almost never a receiver. The only exception is during reprogramming. Some sensors operate such that a tool is used to excite a coil inside the sensor to enter into a learn mode. Other sensors enter into learn mode when a magnet is placed over the valve stem.
What tells the sensors to transmit when they’re on the road? Accelerometers and specific programming tell the sensors to transmit at specific intervals and speeds. When a sensor is not turning, it’s typically not transmitting information. When it’s moving, it’s transmitting information in 15-, 30- or 60-second intervals depending on the application. Not transmitting a signal all of the time saves battery life, allowing some batteries to last up to 10 years.
When a vehicle is not moving for a defined period of time, usually between 10 to 20 minutes, the sensors will go into a rest or sleep mode. Some systems require the sensors to be in this mode when the relearn procedure is initiated. This is why some systems require the vehicle to sit for at least 20 minutes.
FCC SIGNAL REGULATION
All TPMS sensors, tools and everything that transmits a signal have to be approved by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The FCC makes sure our airwaves do not clash by regulating the frequency and strength of various signals. Most direct TPMS use ultra high frequency (UHF) radio in one of the “unlicensed” ISM bands (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) for transmitting the data, often around 434 MHz.
For an outside device to interfere with a TPMS signal, it must do three things:
- First, this outside device must be transmitting a signal in the same bandwidth.
- Second, it must be transmitting for a long enough period of time that it interferes with multiple transmissions from the sensor.
- Third, it must transmit a signal with the same code or protocols as the sensor. In other words, the interference must occur at the right time, and right place and say the right things.
Most TPMS are smart enough to realize that something is interfering with their signals, will disregard a bad sample and wait for the next sensor transmission before turning on the light and warning the customer. By that time, the vehicle should have moved away from the interference source.
Cell phones cannot interfere with TPMS. The same is true with Bluetooth devices. Their signals are not continuous and they are not in the same bandwidth.
The one time that interference is a problem is during the relearn process. Some OEMs recommend that the relearn process be performed away from other vehicles and outside of the shop. The main concern is that sensor signals from other vehicles could be captured by the system and, therefore, could cause interference.
The main culprit for sensor interference during the relearn process is not another gadget, but the car itself. A sensor can have its signal blocked by a brake caliper, control arm or other large metal object placed between the sensor and antenna. The only solution is to move the car forward a few feet to unblock the signal.
